Ivan Pavlov Life, Research, Classical Conditioning

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14, 1849 -  February 27, 1936)  was a Nobel Prize-winning physiologist best known for his classical conditioning experiments with dogs. In his research, he discovered the conditioned reflex, which shaped the field of behaviorism in psychology. Fast Facts: Ivan Pavlov Occupation: PhysiologistKnown For: Research on conditioned reflexes (Pavlovs Dogs)Born: September 14, 1849, in Ryazan, RussiaDied: February 27, 1936, in  Leningrad  (now St. Petersburg), RussiaParents: Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov and Varvara Ivanovna UspenskayaEducation: M.D., Imperial Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, RussiaKey Accomplishments:  Nobel Prize for Physiology (1904)Offbeat Fact: A lunar crater on the Moon was named after Pavlov. Early Years and Education Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849, in the small village of Ryazan, Russia. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was a priest who hoped that his son would follow in his footsteps and join the church. In Ivans early years, it seemed that his fathers dream would become a reality. Ivan was educated at a church school and a theological seminary. But when he read the works of scientists like Charles Darwin and I. M. Sechenov, Ivan decided to pursue scientific studies instead. He left the seminary and began studying chemistry and physiology at the University of St. Petersburg. In 1875, he earned an M.D. from the Imperial Medical Academy before going on to study under Rudolf Heidenhain and Carl Ludwig, two renowned physiologists.   Personal Life and Marriage Ivan Pavlov married Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya in 1881. Together, they had five children: Wirchik, Vladimir, Victor, Vsevolod, and Vera. In their early years, Pavlov and his wife lived in poverty. During the hard times, they stayed with friends, and at one point, rented a bug-infested attic space. Pavlovs fortunes changed in 1890 when he  took an appointment as the Professor of Pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy. That same year, he became the director of the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine. With these  well-funded academic positions, Pavlov had the opportunity to further pursue the  scientific studies  that interested him. Research on Digestion Pavlovs early research focused primarily on the physiology of digestion. He used surgical methods to study various processes of the digestive system. By exposing portions of a dogs intestinal canal during surgery, he was able to gain an understanding of gastric secretions and the role of the body and mind in the digestive process. Pavlov sometimes operated on live animals, which was an acceptable practice back then but would not occur today due to modern ethical standards. In 1897, Pavlov published his findings in a book called â€Å"Lectures on the Work of the Digestive Glands.† His work on the physiology of digestion was also recognized with a Nobel Prize for Physiology in 1904. Some of Pavlovs other honors include  an honorary doctorate from Cambridge University, which was awarded in 1912, and  the Order of the Legion of Honor, which was given to him in 1915. Discovery of Conditioned Reflexes Although Pavlov has many notable accomplishments, he is most well known for defining the concept of conditioned reflexes.   A conditioned reflex is considered a form of learning that can occur through exposure to stimuli. Pavlov studied this phenomenon in the lab through a series of experiments with dogs. Initially, Pavlov was studying the connection between salivation and feeding. He proved that dogs have an unconditioned response when they are fed — in other words, they are hard-wired to salivate at the prospect of eating. However, when Pavlov noticed that the mere sight of a person in a lab coat was enough to cause the dogs to salivate, he realized that he had accidentally made an additional scientific discovery. The dogs had learned that a lab coat meant food, and in response, they salivated every time they saw a lab assistant. In other words, the dogs had been conditioned to respond a certain way. From this point on, Pavlov decided to devote himself to the study of conditioning. Pavlov tested his theories in the lab using a variety of neural stimuli. For example, he used electric shocks, a buzzer that produced specific tones and the ticking of a metronome to make the dogs associate certain noises and stimuli with food. He found that not only could he cause a conditioned response (salivation), he could also break the association if he made these same noises but did not give the dogs food. Even though he was not a psychologist, Pavlov suspected that his findings could be applied to humans as well. He believed that a conditioned response may be causing certain behaviors in people with psychological problems and that these responses could be unlearned. Other scientists, such as John B. Watson, proved this theory correct when they were able to replicate Pavlovs research with humans.   Death Pavlov worked in the lab until his death at the age of 86. He died on February 27, 1936, in  Leningrad  (now St. Petersburg), Russia after contracting double pneumonia. His death was commemorated with a grand funeral and a monument that was erected in his home country in his honor. His laboratory was also turned into a museum. Legacy and Impact Pavlov was a physiologist, but his legacy is primarily recognized in psychology and educational theory. By proving the existence of conditioned and non-conditioned reflexes, Pavlov provided a foundation for the study of behaviorism. Many renowned psychologists, including  John B. Watson  and  B. F. Skinner, were inspired by his work and built on it to gain a better understanding of behavior and learning. To this day, nearly every student of psychology studies Pavlovs experiments to gain a better understanding of the scientific method, experimental psychology, conditioning, and behavioral theory. Pavlovs legacy can also be seen in popular culture in books like Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, which contained elements of Pavlovian conditioning. Sources Cavendish, Richard. â€Å"Death of Ivan Pavlov.†Ã‚  History Today.Gantt, W. Horsley. â€Å"Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2018.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Pavlovs Dogs.†Ã‚  Simply Psychology, 2013.Tallis, Raymond. â€Å"The Life of Ivan Pavlov.†Ã‚  The Wall Street Journal, 14 Nov. 2014.â€Å"Ivan Pavlov - Biographical.†Ã‚  Nobelprize.org.â€Å"Ivan Pavlov.†Ã‚  PBS, Public Broadcasting Service.

Gatsby And Death Of A Salesman Analysis - 1003 Words

Jay Gatsby in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Willy Loman in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman are both American men in pursuit of the American Dream which is, to acquire wealth, success, and prestige. This quest for money drives modern-day America, but behind our perpetual urge to consume and possess lays a grim motive. It is human awareness of mortality and the subsequent desire to prove we are special and somehow resistant to death that fuels the longing for wealth and possessions. The belief in money and materialism have come to be the primary goal for individuals during this time. Even though we know everyone will eventually die, we strive to attain enough money and objects so that we might be the exception, or at least,†¦show more content†¦Jay Gatsby moves from being the son of shiftless and unsuccessful farm people (Fitzgerald 105) to becoming the owner of a huge West Egg mansion with a marble swimming pool and over forty acres of lawn and garden (Fitzgerald 11), this exemplifies the possibilities offered by the American dream. Gatsby earns his money through illegal means, which places him in the new money category, and as a result he flaunts by throwing extravagant parties and purchasing expensive cars. The main reason Gatsby does these things is to get the attention and win the affection of Daisy, which is the major component of his dream. Old money, on the other hand, has had money for generations, so they do not flaunt their wealth. Old money, people like Tom and Daisy, look down on the newly rich, because they got rich quick, illegally and, because they are threatening the status quo. Death of a Salesman also reflects the dominant ideology, however, in this case the play is written from the point of view of the working class. It is evident that the dominant class influences the main characters in the text, but they are largely ignored in the play. Willy Loman, the protagonist in the play, is a worn out travelling salesman on the point of a breakdown. Willy Loman’s dreams consist and have always consisted entirely of being â€Å"well liked†. Being a salesman is Willy’s idea of the easiest way to becoming well-liked and remembered throughout the entire country. 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Lung Cancer Essay Summary Example For Students

Lung Cancer Essay Summary Lung cancer is not just one disease but rather a group of diseases. All forms of cancercause cells in the body to change and grow out of control. Most types of cancer cells forma lump or mass called a tumor. Cells from the tumor can break away and travel to otherparts of the body where they can continue to grow. This spreading process is calledmetastasis. When cancer spreads, it is still named after the part of the body where itstarted. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the lungs, it is still breast cancer, not lungcancer. Another word for cancerous is malignant, so a cancerous tumor is referred to asmalignant. But not all tumors are cancer. A tumor that is not cancer is called benign. Benign tumors do not grow and spread the way cancer does. They are usually not a threatto life. A few cancers, such as blood cancers (leukemia), do not form a tumor. Mostcancers are named after the part of the body where the cancer first starts. Lung cancerbegins in the lungs. The lungs are two sponge-like organs in the chest. The right lung hasthree sections, called lobes. The left lung has two lobes. It is smaller because the hearttakes up more room on that side of the body. The lungs bring air in and out of the body,taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide gas, a waste product. The lining aroundthe lungs, called the pleura, helps to protect the lungs and allows them to move duringbreathing. The windpipe (trachea) brings air down into the lungs. It divides into tubescalled bronchi, which divide into smaller branches called bronchioles. At the end of thesesmall branches are tiny air sacs known as alveoli. Most lung cancers start in the lining ofthe bronchi but they can als o begin in other areas such as the trachea, bronchioles, oralveoli. Lung cancer often takes many years to develop. Once the lung cancer occurs,cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. Lung cancer is a life-threatening disease because it often spreads in this way before it is found. Lung cancer isthe leading cause of cancer death for both men and women. During the year 2000 therewill be about 164,100 new cases of lung cancer in this country. About 156,900 people willdie of lung cancer: about 89,300 men and 67,600 women. More people die of lung cancerthan of colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined. Lung cancer is fairly rare in peopleunder the age of 40. The average age of people found to have lung cancer is 60. If lungcancer is found and treated by surgery early, before it has spread to lymph nodes or otherorgans, the five-year survival rate is about 42%. However, few lung cancers are found atthis early stage. The five-year survival rate for all stages of lung cancer combined was14% in 1995, the last year for which we have national data. A risk factor is something thatincreases a persons chance of getting a disease. Some risk factors, like smoking, can becontrolled. Others, such as a persons age, cant be changed. Smoking is by far the leadingrisk factor for lung cancer. More than 8 out of 10 lung cancers are thought to result fromsmoking. The longer a person has been smoking, and the more packs per day smoked, thegreater the risk. If a person stops smoking before lung cancer develops, the lung tissueslowly returns to normal. Stopping smoking at any age lowers the risk of lung cancer. .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c , .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c .postImageUrl , .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c , .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c:hover , .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c:visited , .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c:active { border:0!important; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c:active , .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u144ff91375be17dd47ee9db5c0106e6c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: White oleander EssayCigar and pipe smoking are almost as likely to cause lung cancer as cigarette smoking. There is no evidence that smoking low tar cigarettes reduces the risk of lung cancer. Nonsmokers who breathe the smoke of others also increase their risk of lung cancer. Non-smoking spouses of smokers, for example, have a 30% greater risk of developing lungcancer than do spouses of nonsmokers. Workers exposed to tobacco smoke in theworkplace are also more likely to get lung cancer. There are other risk factors for lungcancer besides smoking. People who work with asbestos have a higher risk of getting lungcancer. If they also smoke, the risk is greatly increased. The type of lung cancer linked toasbestos, mesothelioma, often starts in the pleura. This